We Have Never Been Woke: Available In Stores Now!
The book has now been officially published by Princeton University Press and is available in most bookstores and online retailers.
I am pleased to confirm that We Have Never Been Woke is now officially published by Princeton University Press.
Now that the book’s out, I’m hitting the road to talk about it in the U.S. and abroad. Book tour information available here. If I’m not headed to your neck of the woods yet, reach out to my booking agent, Molly Grote (Molly_Grote@press.princeton.edu), and let’s change that! I want to talk to as many people as I can in as many places as I can to think and talk through these issues together.
If, by chance, your local book store does not have the hardcover in stock, you can also snag a copy via Bookshop.org, Thriftbooks, Barnes & Noble, Amazon and through most other major retailers. You can also pick up a copy directly from the publisher via the Princeton University Press website.1 Some used copies may also be available on AbeBooks.
For folks who prefer e-books, you can get a copy through Kobo, Google Play, Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and beyond.
If audiobooks are your jam, you can get that version, narrated by me, through Apple Books, Barnes & Noble, Audible, Google Play, Libro.fm and Kobo.
For those who want to read the book but are unwilling or unable to purchase a copy, information on how to get the book in your preferred format via local or college libraries is available here.
Ultimately, wherever you are, however you’d like, in whatever format you prefer, and through whatever means make sense — get your hands on a copy ASAP! I’m biased, of course, but I think it’s really a great book.
And I’m not alone! We’ve got some great blurbs by others who’ve done important work in this space:
We’ve got excellent early reviews, and new ones dropping every day.
If you’re a journalist or editor looking to nail down an interview or secure an excerpt, review copy, or original essay, reach out to the book’s publicists:
For North America based journalists, editors and publications, contact Julia Haav (Julia_Haav@press.princeton.edu)
For journalists, editors and publications based outside of North America, contact Kate Farquhar-Thomson (Kate_Farquhar-Thomson@press.princeton.edu)
If you’re still on the fence about picking up a copy for yourself, feel free to peruse the essays, interviews, reviews, and recorded talks that have gone live on the book to date – available below. There’s also a good guide to the book at EconLib by Kevin Corcoran.
Individually, and even collectively, these resources don’t cover most of the book’s content (in no small part because interviewers are often focused on the same kinds of questions). Although each has their own flavor, most ultimately cover similar ground. And there’s lots of super interesting stuff that I haven’t talked about anywhere yet – keeping it close to the vest and letting it be a surprise for readers. Ultimately, the only way to get a complete picture of the book will be to pick up a copy yourself – and I hope you’ll do just that. It’s a banger!
Scholarly Reviews
Media Reviews
Advance Praise
Substack Essays
External Essays
Queer Elites Are Still Elites (Queer Majority)
How Elite Competition Turns Into a Culture War (Hypertext)
The Contradictions of a New Elite (Deseret Magazine)
The New Elite Aren’t Woke (Cap X)
The University Has Never Been Woke (Chronicle of Higher Education)
Interviews
New Statesman (UK)
Spiked (UK)
The New World (UK)
Die Zeit (Germany)
Culture Wars (Italy)
Tempi (Italy)
L’Express (France)
Kathimerini (Greece)
Politiken (Denmark)
Berlingske (Denmark)
Frihedsbrevet (Denmark)
De Groene Amsterdammer (Netherlands)
NRC (Netherlands)
Neue Zürcher Zeitung (Switzerland)
The Post (New Zealand)
Herald/ Review Media (my hometown newspaper!)
Podcasts
Contexts (American Sociological Association)
The Gray Area (Vox)
Here & Now (NPR)
On Point (NPR)
Campbell Conversations (NPR)
Nights (Radio New Zealand)
Afternoons (Radio New Zealand)
Late Night Live (ABC Radio National)
Religion and Ethics Report (ABC Radio National)
Public Talks
The Equiano Project (w/ Helen Lewis & Ralph Leonard)
Princeton Public Library (w/ Shamus Khan)
Heterodox Academy Conference 2024 (w/ Jon Haidt)
Politics & Prose (w/ Shadi Hamid)
Stony Brook University (w/ Colleen Eren)
Free Speech Union Australia (w/ Michael Nayna)
The Australia Institute (w/ Emma Shortis)
University of Buckingham (w/ Wilfred Riley)
For those less familiar with the book, an overview and chapter breakdowns are available below.
Starting in the interwar period (between World Wars I and II) and rapidly accelerating in the 1970s, there were shifts to the global economy that radically increased the influence of the “symbolic industries” – science and technology, education, media, law, consulting, administration, finance, non-profits, NGOs and advocacy organizations, and so forth. People who work in these fields traffic primarily in data, ideas, rhetoric, images instead of physical goods or services. Drawing from Bourdieu, we can refer to these professionals as “symbolic capitalists.”
I’m a symbolic capitalist. If you’re reading this, there’s a strong chance you’re a symbolic capitalist too.
One defining trait of symbolic capitalists is our commitment to social justice. We are the Americans most likely to self-identify as feminists, antiracists or allies to LGBTQ people. Politically, we’re overwhelmingly aligned with America’s primary ‘left’ party. Many of our professions are explicitly oriented around altruism, speaking truth to power, or serving as impartial adjudicators, knowledge producers, facilitators and advisors in order to advance the common good.
Given the ways symbolic capitalists like to understand and describe ourselves and our professions, one might expect that as people like “us” have gained more power over society, longstanding social problems would be on the path to resolution and socioeconomic and cultural inequalities would be greatly diminished. In reality, the opposite has happened.
In tandem with the transitions favoring the symbolic industries, we’ve seen increased polarization and social conflict. Public trust in institutions has been consistently plummeting. Many systems and institutions are growing increasingly dysfunctional and ineffective. Inequalities in the U.S. have grown increasingly pronounced as symbolic capitalists have risen in affluence and influence. Symbolic capitalists are, themselves, among the primary beneficiaries of these inequalities – and social justice discourse is increasingly mobilized to justify them.
The ‘losers’ in the symbolic economy are portrayed as deserving their lot because they think, feel or say the ‘wrong’ things about race, gender and sexuality. Elites’ bids for more power and status, meanwhile, are increasingly bound up with their egalitarian bona fides.
Understanding this state of affairs requires a deep and unflinching look into the history and political economy of symbolic capitalists. Although our professions have, from the outset, defined themselves as altruistic in nature — oriented towards higher principles or the greater good – the truth is, we have never been woke.
Chapter Overview
Introduction
Books are products of particular times and places. They are often designed as interventions into ongoing conversations, often oriented towards some set of goals. They’re typically motivated by observations or experiences that convince authors they should or must be written. The introduction to We Have Never Been Woke details how the book came about and spells out some of its foundational axioms and goals.
Sections:
Inspiration | Orwell’s Demon | Overview | Minority Report | (Analytic) Inequality | Coda: We Have Never Been Woke
Those interested can read the full introduction on the Princeton University website here.
Chapter 1: On Wokeness
What is “wokeness”? Who is “woke”? What are the struggles around “wokeness” actually about? Chapter 1 argues “wokeness” is best understood as the dominant ideology of a new constellation of elites: symbolic capitalists. Although sincerely committed to egalitarianism in principle, symbolic capitalists also tend to be ambitious social climbers and expect and desire to be treated as social elites. These goals are in tension. This tension has defined the symbolic professions from the outset.
Sections:
Symbolic Capital(ists) | ‘Woke’ | Hegemony and False Consensus | The Symbolic Mainstream | Symbolic Conservatives | The Anti-Woke | Wokeness, Faith, Insecurity | The Banality of ‘Wokeness’ | Ideals and Interests | Coda: Birth of the Symbolic Professions
Chapter 2: The Great Awokening(s)
Since 2010, there has been a rapid shift in the rhetoric, beliefs, institutional norms, and political behaviors of symbolic capitalists. These shifts are actually a ‘case’ of something. In fact, looking at some of the same indicators we can use to substantiate and track the contemporary “Awokening” we can see that there were three similar periods of rapid cultural and moral change over the course of the 20th century. By comparing and contrasting the current ‘Great Awokening’ with previous episodes we can gain important insights into questions like, “Under what circumstances do these Awokenings come about? When and why do they end? What, if anything, do they tend to change? If and how does one Awokening inform the next?” This is the project of Chapter 2. A key finding of that chapter is that, although these periods of Awokening are often defined in by struggles over social justice, very little tends to change for these periods with respect to those who are genuinely marginalized and disadvantaged in society: they are struggles largely constrained to elite spaces, with stakes that are primarily relevant to elites.
Sections:
A Major Shift | Point of Origin | E Pluribus Unum | Alternative Facts | Not the First, Not the Last | The First Awokening | The Second Awokening | The Third Awokening | The Fourth Awokening | The Next Awokening | Elite Overproduction | Diverted Movements | The More Things Change | Social Justice Sinecures | Theories of Failure | Culture Wars | Coda: White Liberals
Chapter 3: Symbolic Domination
Symbolic capitalists are elites. However, we often decline to see ourselves this way. We typically focus on millionaires and billionaires when discussing social problems. However, symbolic capitalists exert immense influence over society too. And we profit greatly from, and actively exploit and perpetuate, many social problems we conspicuously condemn. Moreover, the millionaires and billionaires in society are increasingly drawn from “us” and underwrite and subsidize our institutions and outputs. It's largely through "us" that they make stuff happen in the world. Multinational corporations are likewise largely administrated by "us," and their policies are designed and implemented by "us." Political campaigns and government administrations are likewise designed and run largely by "us." In short, the line we try to draw between “us” and “elites” is less substantial than we’d like to acknowledge. Chapter 3 illustrates this point at length.
Sections:
Winners Take All | Empire of Signs | Inequalities in Context | Disposable Labor(ers) | Symbolic Hubs | Sex and Symbolic Capital | Coda: Rich, White and Blue
Chapter 4: Post-Materialist Politics
Symbolic capitalists’ unique socioeconomic position and cognitive profiles predispose us towards idiosyncratic political preferences and behaviors. As symbolic capitalists have grown increasingly influential, and increasingly consolidated into the Democratic Party, we profoundly reshaped that party and U.S. political landscape more broadly – often in ways we might not be proud of. Chapter 4 helps us understand the nature and origins of symbolic capitalists’ idiosyncratic approach to politics, including and especially our intense focus on hearts and minds, symbols and rhetoric, at the expense of the “bread and butter” struggles that other Americans are most concerned about.
Sections:
Blue Cities Are the Problem | Sophisticated Accumulation | A Tempest in a Teapot | The Curse of Knowledge | Consequences of Consolidation | Disciplined Minds | Coda: ‘Woke’ Capitalism
Chapter 5: Totemic Capital(ism)
Symbolic capitalists have always presented ourselves as advocates for the vulnerable and downtrodden. Today, we often present ourselves as literal embodiments or representatives of historically marginalized and disadvantaged groups – and as, ourselves, being marginalized and disadvantaged (despite the reality that we are, in fact, elites). Chapter 5 explores how and why contemporary elites leverage association with ostensibly stigmatized identities in struggles over resources, status and power.
Sections:
A New Moral Culture | Victimhood as Status | Stigmata | Different Boats | Totemic Capital | (Mis)Appropriating Totems | The Totemic Mystique | The Wrong Bodies | Backwards in Heels | Differently (En)Abled | The Rich Get Richer | He Who Lives by the Sword… | Coda: Accounting for Taste
Chapter 6: Mystification of Social Processes
‘Wokeness’ often obscures unpalatable truths from symbolic capitalists and other stakeholders. Chapter 6 will do a dive into the cognitive and behavioral science literatures to illustrate how sincere commitments to social justice causes allow symbolic capitalists to exploit, perpetuate and exacerbate inequalities while convincing themselves that ‘others’ are the problem and sincerely believing themselves to be egalitarians and “allies” for the marginalized and disadvantaged in society.
Sections:
Tall Tales | Noblesse Oblige | Class/ Cancelled | Invalidating Inconvenient Perspectives | Critique or Alibi? | Doing Bad, Feeling Good | Coda: Babies and Bathwater
Conclusion
There is more to say on social justice discourse, inequality and the rise of symbolic capitalists than can be conveyed in a single book. Moreover, even as certain questions were answered in the text, new questions were raised. The conclusion sketches out what was learned and what remains to be explored.
Sections:
Taking Stock | Sans Frontieres | Tentative Answers, New Questions | Beyond Belief
My Next Book
We Have Never Been Woke explored the political economy of the symbolic professions from the interwar period through the present. My next book, Those People, will explore the causes and the consequences of the growing sociological distance between symbolic capitalists and much of the rest of society. The book will also be published by Princeton University Press, with a release window of late 2026.
Due to the success of the hardcover edition, a paperback version of the book is slated for release in October 2025, with a lower price point (to move even more units faster) and a new introduction. The paperback is available for pre-order on Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and Princeton University Press.
Pre ordered it! I already started reading it :-) very thought provoking so far (and I only read the intro).